85-102 Sample Exam Three,

Name____________________________________________________Section_____________

Please answer the essay questions in the blanks provided with spillover onto the back of the page if needed. Clear, concise and legible answers are best! Objective questions should be answered in the spaces to the left of the question. Answer any 9 of 11 questions, plus one for extra credit if you wish.

1. Lois and Carol are in an argument about language acquisition. Lois says that language is to a great extent, innate. Carol argues against that, saying that is an absurd position, that children have to learn language. What arguments can each of them make for their side? State two good arguments/pieces of evidence for each side of this debate and state a reasonable conclusion.

2. Briefly summarize Festingerπs cognitive dissonance theory and Bemπs self perception theory; including how they are similar and how they differ. Then, use Bemπs theory to explain the results obtained in one of the Valins fake heart rate feedback studies, and Festingerπs theory to explain the results obtained in one of the ≥consequences of a decision≤ (ex. horserace betting) or insufficient external justification (counterattitudinal advocacy) or justification of effort (severity of initiation) studies we discussed.

3. ≥The major difference between animals and humans and the civilizations we humans build

is that we have language and animals don't." Present an analysis of human language (and how it differs from animal communication) organized around the major features of language discussed in class or the textbook, showing how this statement can be supported.

4. Use three of the following developmental theories to describe some of the changes a child goes through from age 2 to age 7 or 8. Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg, information processing,

5. Data collected on student protestors who were part of the UC Berkeley free speech movement can be used as evidence that moral thought is predictive of moral action or that it is not. Summarize the major features of the data and show how they can be used to support each side of this argument.

6. Think of some terrible recent news item category such as the genocidal killings in Darfur, the rendition (kidnapping) program run by the CIA, the beheadings and anti-civilian suicide bombings done by the Iraqi insurgents, or some other equally horrendous activity. Use the results of empirical studies that we have discussed to show how a young recruit might come to engage in such behavior if they were not sadistic to begin with. What social psychological principles/results might help explain these all too prevalent activities? Citing 2 pieces of supportive empirical evidence for your explanation is important!

7. Place the letter of the best answer in the blank. Answers can be used more than once.

a. creative b. structured or syntactic c. meaningful d. referential e. displacement

f. interpersonal g. specialized h. holophrastic i. telegraphic

_____ Refers to the ability of humans to use language to say things that have never been said before.

_____ Refers to the fact that language has a set of general, hierarchical rules.

_____ Refers to the fact that words refer to things outside of themselves.

_____ Refers to the capability of language to stand for things from another time or place.

_____ Refers to a characteristic of language that many animal signaling systems have.

_____ Honey Beesπ dance and human language share this characteristic.

_____Young children often use a single word to communicate a whole sentence of meaning.

_____ Two word speech in children exhibits this characteristic which later speech does not.

_____ Refers to the characteristic of language that Victor in the film ≥Wild Child≤ never accomplished.

_____ You can tell me about something that happened to you in grade or high school because of this

characteristic of language.

8. Four models of the relationship or interaction between what is inherited and what is learned in development are: A. "pure" maturation or instinct (no learning), B. critical period, C. readiness, and D. stages or stage theory. Mark each of the following with the letter (A, B, C, or D) that most closely fits the possible relationship or interplay of inheritance and learning in the acquisition of the described behavior:

_____Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

_____Freud's "id"

_____Peoples' acquisition of a first language.

_____Speaking a language without an accent.

_____The third part of the chaffinch song

_____Kohlberg's model of moral development.

_____Learning to type or play the violin

_____Imprinting in ducklings or goslings.

_____Sleeping.

_____Learning calculus

9. Answer the next ten questions by filling in the blank with the letter of the best answer.

_____ In the Freudian view of morality, the basic moral code is located in the part of the mind he called the a. ego b. id c. superego d.none of the above

_____The A-not-B effect refers to when a child:

a. coordinates a variety of actions into one organized schema

b. continues to look in a certain place for an object he has seen hidden in a new place.

c. realizes objects exist independent of one's direct perception of them or action upon them

d. permanently attaches certain motor patterns to an environmental object

_______________ Order from youngest to oldest these Piagetian stages of cognitive

development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operations c. concrete operations d. preoperational

Mark the following as arguing for (+), against (-), or irrelevant (x) to the issue of whether infants possesses the concept of object permanence:

_____ The fact that infants are surprised when the family dog reappears after walking behind a couch

_____ Piaget's experimental result that babies lose interest in a desirable toy once it is no longer in view

Use these answers to label the stage of cognitive development the person is in (the highest applicable level):

a. concrete operations b. formal operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

_____ A person who cannot yet clearly differentiate between herself and the external world.

_____ A person who cannot yet do abstract logic, or generalize, but can conserve mass, volumn, etc.

_____ A person who thinks that a ball of clay molded into a long, thin cylinder then has more clay.

_____ A person who crunches up potato chips into smaller pieces so that she "has more."

______ Modern information processing approaches to understanding children's cognitive development argue that all of following but are involved in and account for the changes seen

in children's thinking ability as they grow:

a. changes in STM size

b. differences in the no. of chunks of knowledge available in many domains

c. differences in the memory strategies they have

d. differing stages of cognitive development

10. Answer the next ten questions by filling in the blank with the letter of the best answer.

Please put a B next to each of the following that is "Balanced" according to Balance Theory and a U next to each that is unbalanced and therefore represents a strained state (next five questions or blanks).

_____ My friend hates bowling and I hate it.

_____ My friend loves the Pittsburgh Penguins and I hate them.

_____ My enemy (someone I dislike) really likes the FBI and I do too.

_____ My enemy (someone I dislike) favors an increased defense budget, and I favor cutting it.

_____ Which of the following differentiates between an attitude and a belief or is a central part of the definition of an attitude?

a. attitudes are learned earlier b. attitudes necessarily involve evaluation (a position for or against) c. beliefs are necessarily stronger d. beliefs are longer lasting

Use these answers for the next four questions or blanks. 1 (punishment avoidance), 2 (reciprocity),

3 (good boy/good girl), 4 (law and order), 5 (social contract), 6 (universal ethical principles)

_____ In Kohlberg's system of moral development, a person who argued that the husband should steal the drug for his wife because any human life is more valuable than private property or profit, is likely to be at the __ level of moral development (where the nos. go from lowest level to highest)?

_____ A person who argues that a man should steal the medication for his wife if his wife has been nice to him in the past is in which of the above stages of moral development?

_____ Reasoning based on how you want to appear to others (what they think of you) characterizes which of the above Kohlberg levels?

_____ Reasoning based on understanding that laws and rules are socially constructed and are subject to change characterizes which of the above Kohlberg levels?

_____ Child chess players outplay adult players and have much greater knowledge of the game. This argues a) for b) against c) is neutral to Piagetπs stage model of cognitive development.

11. Answer the next ten questions by filling in the blank with the letter of the best answer.

_____ Which of the following is not a characteristic of attitude preservation or consistency?

a. selective exposure b. selective interpretation c. low balling d. selective forgetting

e. prestige suggestion f. bait and switch g. avaricious presentation

_____ Which of the above was exhibited by my upset relative in the ≥post-funeral story≤?

_____ Which of the above involves a sales technique whereby people offer something at a low

price that they have no intention of selling?

_____ Which of the above involves selling something at a fake price that is later increased at

the time of consummation of the sale?

_____ Which of the above describes or explains why people subscribe to political magazines

whose viewpoint they agree with?

_____ Which of the following is not one of the ≥big five≤ personality dimensions or traits?

a. extraversion b. neuroticism c. openness d. agreeableness e. judging f. conscientiousness

_____ The sound /a/ is a ___ while the the word "strange" is a ____.

a. proposition : morpheme b. morpheme : proposition c. morpheme : phoneme

d. phoneme : morpheme e. phoneme : proposition

_____ Being able to correctly respond to the question "Hey, how are you doing?" or the telephone inquiry "Is Tom there?" requires a knowledge of which of the following levels or types of language rule?

a. syntax b. phonology c. semantics d. pragmatics

_____ The "strange situation" was used by Ainsworth to study what?

a. obediance b. attachment c. conformity d. object constancy e. all of the above

_____ One of the findings of the Harlow experiments with infant monkeys raised with fake mothers was that __ is crucial if the infant monkey is to form bond with its "mother".

a. feeding b. comforting in the face of danger c. contact comfort d. shape e. vibration or subtle noise-making