85-221A: Principles of Child Development Exam #1

TOTAL: 100 points TIME: 1.35-2.45

Section I: Multiple Choice

Write the letter of the best answer on the blank provided on the left. (3 points each)

_____1.	Stage theories regard development as:
A)	active.
B)	passive.
C)	continuous.
D)	discontinuous.

_____2.	Which of the following qualifies as a hypothesis?
A)	Children whose parents argue in their presence are more likely than other children to try illegal drugs.
B)	What parental behaviors are associated with an increased likelihood of teenage illegal drug use?
C)	What are the differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence?
D)	There are many differences between children whose parents argue in their presence and those whose parents do not argue in their presence.

_____3.	Cephalocaudal development refers to the tendency for development to take place in which of the following ways?
A)	from head to body
B)	from body to head
C)	from inside to outside
D)	from outside to inside

_____4.	Which of the following is not thought to be a contributor to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
A)	smoking near infant
B)	baby sleeping on its tummy
C)	putting baby to sleep on soft mattress or pillow
D)	dressing baby too warmly during sleep
E)	All of the above are contributors too SIDS.

_____5.	Which of the following is true of sensitive periods in prenatal development?
A)	All major organ systems share the exact same sensitive period.
B)	Teratogens have the most serious effect on prenatal development immediately before a system's sensitive period.
C)	A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed.
D)	The sensitive period of limb development occurs several weeks before the limbs begin to form.

_____6.	Which of the following is a true statement?
A)	A measure can be valid without being reliable and can be reliable without being valid.
B)	A measure can be valid without being reliable, but it cannot be reliable without being valid.
C)	A measure cannot be valid without being reliable, but it can be reliable without being valid.
D)	A measure cannot be valid without being reliable and cannot be reliable without being valid.

_____7.	Which of the following is a direct contributor to a child's phenotype?
A)	child's genotype
B)	child's environment
C)	parents' genotype
D)	A and B
E)	all of the above

_____8.	The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than identical twins reared apart is evidence for the:
A)	importance of genetic factors.
B)	importance of environmental factors.
C)	interplay between genes and environment.
D)	all of the above

_____9.	According to Piaget's theory, individuals in what stage are able to conduct a systematic scientific experiment?
A)	formal operations
B)	sensorimotor
C)	postoperational
D)	preoperational
E)	concrete operations

____10.	Amy and her mother are playing with an interesting squeaky toy. Amy's mother is squeezing the toy in front of Amy. Amy is very excited and reaches for the toy. Amy's mother, however, quickly hides the toy behind her back. At this point, Amy turns away from her mother and begins to look at the ladybug design on her dress. Amy is probably approximately what age?
A)	1 month old
B)	6 months old
C)	10 months old
D)	15 months old

Section II: Short-answer questions

11.	Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the following designs: (a) cross-sectional and (b) longitudinal. (4 pts.)

Cross-Sectional:

Longitudinal:

12.

Steven is the proud new uncle of newborn baby Rachel. His first gift for her is a colorful rattle. Describe how baby Rachel is likely to respond to or interact with the rattle at each of the following ages: two weeks, three months, six months, 10 months, 15 months, and 21 months. For each age, give an example of Rachel's likely behavior with the rattle as well as a brief description of how Piagetian theory would explain this behavior. (12 pts.)

2 Weeks:

3 Months:

6 Months:

10 Months:

15 Months:

21 Months:

_____ Location of Parietal Lobe

_____ Location of Frontal Lobe

_____ Location of Occipital Lobe

_____ Location of Temporal Lobe

13. Identify the location of each of the brain lobes using the letters below. (1 pt. each)

Match the following functions with the appropriate lobe (1 pt. each).

a. Processes visual information.

b. Organizes behavior and allows for

planning.

c. Processes auditory information,

important for emotion and the

encoding of memories.

d. Spatial processing and integration of

sensory input.

_____ Function of Parietal Lobe

_____ Function of Frontal Lobe

_____ Function of Occipital Lobe

_____ Function of Temporal Lobe

14.

Imagine you are trying to teach a young child how to ride a bicycle. Describe how you might best scaffold the task so that the child can learn optimally. Describe what you know about the zone of proximal development, and explain how you would use your knowledge of this construct to direct your instructional efforts to the appropriate level for the child. (7 pts.)

15.	Define assimilation and accommodation as used by Piaget. Give an example of each. (4 pts)

16.

Choose one teratogen and answer the following questions about the impact of each on the fetus: (1) What are the effects of exposure to the teratogen? (2) How does the amount and length of exposure impact the teratogenic effect? (3) How does the timing of exposure impact the teratogenic effect? (4 pts.)

17.

The fetus is believed to be an active contributor to its own development. For instance, many fetal behaviors are thought to be necessary for the normal formation of muscles and organs. Describe three ways in which the fetus is an active participant in its own physical and behavioral development. (6 pts.)

18.

Your friend reads an article about a twin study conducted to examine the heritability of creativity. The article reports a heritability estimate of 60%. Your friend says, see, this is why I am not creative. My parents aren't creative, so there isn't anything I can do about it. Is your friend's conclusion correct? Discuss why or why not. (5 pts.)

19.	What are the effects of poverty on prenatal development, birth outcomes, and long-term developmental outcomes? If you could give four suggestions to a pregnant woman living in poverty about what she can do to help ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy delivery, what would you tell her? (4 pts.)

20.

Imagine you are a researcher interested in differences between boys' and girls' television viewing habits. State the hypothesis that you would like to test and describe the methodology you would use. Then, answer the following two questions: (1) Why do you think your methodology is suited to your hypothesis? (2) What issues will you need to consider in terms of reliability and validity? (8 pts.)

21.	Each of the four theories discussed in the book (Piagetian, information-processing, core-knowledge, and sociocultural) has implications for teaching methods. Describe how a teacher might approach the task of teaching a child the concept of conservation from each of the four perspectives. (8 pts.)

Piagetian:

Information-Processing:

Core-Knowledge:

Sociocultural:

Extra credit: (+2 pts.)

What is Roxie’s favorite color? (circle one)

a) Blue

b) Red

c) Purple

d) Green