PERCEIVED
STRESS SCALE (PSS)
PLEASE NOTE: The
Perceived Stress Scale is not a diagnostic instrument; there
are no score cut-offs. There are only comparisons within your own sample. For normative data from large US samples, see articles at right.
PSS (English; 10 Item; html version)
Word (.doc) version
Self-fillable,
scorable online version of the PSS 10
(Used with permission by Dr. Fern Stockdale Winder)
PSS (English; 4 Item; html
version)
Word (.doc) version
PSS
(English; 14 Item; html version)
Word (.doc) version
PSS Scoring
Additional
scoring and other information
PSS
on Wikipedia
PSS: FREQUENTLY- ASKED QUESTIONS
(Link)
The FAQ includes a list of currently available translations
Brief Introduction to Measures
of Psychological Stress
REFERENCES
to studies that examine the relationship between the Perceived
Stress Scale and Biological or Verified Disease Outcomes (source:
MacArthur Research
Network on SES & Health)
PSS TRANSLATIONS
How to Acquire Permissions for Translations: To acquire
permission to use a translation in your project, please attempt
to contact its translator directly. If unable to contact, please
reference their name and this website URL in your publications.
Thank you.
Spanish PSS (10 Item)
(European Spanish; Translation has not been
pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are we aware of its psychometric
properties.)
Spanish
PSS (14 Item)
Translation into European Spanish by Eduardo
Remor,
eduardo.remor@uam.es, and colleagues. Translation has not been
pre-tested by our laboratory. For psychometrics, LINK
to Drs. Remor's (2006) paper, "Psychometric Properties of
a European Spanish Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)."
(Thanks to Dr. Remor for granting us permission to post his work
on our site.)
For more information about Dr. Remor's research:
www.uam.es/psico&salud
www.iberohemofilia.net
Mexican Spanish PSS (10 Item)
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
Mex. Spanish PSS (10 Item)
(another version)
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties. Translation by (and
thanks to) Ms. Carolina Oliva & Ms. Janet Nieves. Thanks
also to Ms. Hilary Colbert (hilaryd@prodigy.net) for sending
us the translation. All 3 women are with the Camden [NJ] Healthy
Start Project
Mex. Spanish PSS (10 Item)
(another version)
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties. Thanks to Céline
Perriolat of the MAPI Research Institute (cperriolat@mapi.fr)
for sending us the translation.
Mex. Spanish PSS (14
Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Drs. Mónica
Teresa González Ramírez and Rene Landero Hernandez.
Their 2007 article
contains psychometric information. Their
2008 article used the translation to study an explanatory
model of stress and psychosomatic symptoms. Dra. González
Ramírez may be contacted at: monygzz77@yahoo.com
Her website is http://www.monica-gonzalez.com/
South American (Chile) Spanish PSS (14 Item)
Translation by, and thanks to, Dr. Carlos Cruz
Marin and colleagues. Their
2008 article (go to pages 116-117) provides validity and
other data about the translation and its use with a sample of
117 adult students. Dr. Cruz Marin may be contacted at carloscruzmar@hotmail.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
More information about Chilean Spanish translations:
Article with validity and other data about Erik Marin's translation of the Chilean Spanish PSS-14;
Article with reliability data about Erik Marin's translation of the Chilean Spanish PSS-14;
Both articles collected data from 584 adults in the Santiago metropolitan area, and are courtesy of Dr. Erik Marin of the Universidad Santo Tomas. Reach him via email at erikmarincuevas@gmail.com
Spanish PSS (10 Item; translator from Puerto
Rico)
Thanks to Dr. María del C. Fernández
Rodríguez, who may be contacted at mfernandez@cayey.upr.edu
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
Danish PSS (10 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Anders Jørgensen,
Department of Psychiatry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
He may be contacted at d374741@dadlnet.dk
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
Swedish PSS (14 Item)
To obtain this translation, request the source article: Eskin M, Parr D (1996).
Introducing a Swedish version of an instrument measuring mental stress. Reports from the Department of Psychology, the University of Stockholm [Sweden], no. 813. Or you may request it from the translator by visiting Dr. Eskin's website.
Hebrew PSS (10 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Oren Lahak, Meir
General Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel (e-mail: Olahak@012.net.il).
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
Greek PSS (14 item)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Eleni
Andreou, who may be contacted at eandeou@gmail.com
The scale was administered to 941 healthy Greek adults, and was
culturally adapted during pre-testing. Cronbach alpha was estimated
at 0.79, which was interpreted as good internal consistency.
Based on Pearson correlation analysis, PSS strongly correlated
with the subscales of DSS 21 for stress (0,644), depression (0,606),
and anxiety (0,542), while the correlation was moderate with
the scale of physical stress symptoms.
Greek PSS (14 item; another version)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Drs. Alexia Katsarou
and Demosthenes Panagiotakos, of (respectively) University of Thessaly and Harokopio University, Greece. Dr. Katsarou may be contacted at katsaroualexia@gmail.com
The scale was administered to 100 employed Greek adults. Very good internal consistency was confirmed for the overall sample (Cronbach alpha = 0.84).
Greek PSS (10 item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Marios Adonis,
University of Nicosia, Cyprus. Dr. Adonis may be reached at adonis.m@unic.ac.cy
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Italian PSS (10
item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Andrea Fossati,
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University of Milano, who may be contacted
at fossati.andrea@hsr.it
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
German PSS (10 item)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Univ.-Prof. Dr. med.
Arndt Büssing, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Germany,
who may be contacted at Arndt.Buessing@uni-wh.de
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
German PSS (4 item)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Jan Engling,
GfK SE, Nuremberg, Germany, who may be contacted at jan.engling@gfk.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
|
PAPERS ON PSS
(1.) Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (in press,
2010). Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress
in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006 and
2009. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. This
article provides NORMATIVE DATA for the PSS-10 from large
2006 and 2009 probability samples of the U.S.
Link to
full-text (MS Word)
(2.) Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A
global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and
Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. Link
to full-text (pdf) (provides RELIABILITY and VALIDITY
DATA)
(3.) Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress
in a probability sample of the U.S. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp
(Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium
on Applied Social Psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (provides
NORMATIVE DATA from a large U.S. sample)
Link
to full-text (pdf)
PSS TRANSLATIONS
How to Acquire Permissions for Translations: To acquire
permission to use a translation in your project, please attempt
to contact its translator directly. If unable to contact, please
reference their name and this website URL in your publications.
Thank you.
French PSS (14 Item):
French
PSS (14 Item), 'General
Population'
French
PSS (14 Item), 'At
Work'
Translations have not been pre-tested by our
laboratory; nor are we aware of their psychometric properties.
Translation by - and thanks to - Dr. Jean-Pierre Rolland,
Professor Emeritus, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La
Défense. Dr. Rolland may be emailed at jean-pierre.rolland@u-paris10.fr
Bulgarian PSS (14 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Vihra Naydenova,
University of Bielefeld, Germany. Vihra's study of 709 Bulgarian
college students showed very good reliability (Cronbach's alpha
0.80). For further information, contact Vihra at vihranaydenova@yahoo.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Hungarian PSS
(14 Item; 10 Item; 4 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Barna Konkoly
Thege and Adrienne Stauder of the Institute of Behavioural Sciences,
Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary. For validity information,
click here. For
the abstract of the journal article in which the translation
appears, click here.
Dr. Konkoly Thege may be emailed with questions at
konkoly.thege.barna@gmail.com
Korean PSS (10 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Juno Park, Doctural
Student in the Counseling Psychology Program, Ball State University.
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory. Juno
Park may be emailed with questions at shinjizzang@hotmail.com
Korean PSS (10 Item; another version)
We would like to thank Dr. Gwi-Ryung Son Hong of Hanyang University, South Korea, for this translation. Dr. Gwi-Ryung Son Hong may be contacted to request factor analysis data and other information about the translation at grson@hanyang.ac.kr
The translation was tested on 552 adults and elderly, and demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties.
Chinese PSS (14 Item)
(Traditional Chinese) Translation by (and
thanks to) Professor Li-Chuan Chu, Dept. of Health Services Administration,
Chung-Shan Medical University. Translation has not been pre-tested
by our laboratory; its psychometric properties are available
in the reference cited in the scale.
Taiwanese Chinese
PSS (10 Item)
(Traditional Chinese) Translation by and
thanks to Dr. I-Fen Lin. Translation has not been pre-tested
by our laboratory; nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
For additional information, contact Dr. Dana Glei at danaglei@sonic.net
or http://danaglei.users.sonic.net
Chinese PSS (10 Item) pdf
file MS
Word file
(Simplified Chinese) Translation has
not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are we aware of its
psychometric properties. Thanks to Dr. Zhen Wang, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Thai PSS (14 Item)
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
Thai PSS (10 Item)
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Some psychometric data are available (click link). Translation
by (and thanks to) Ms. Chalalai Dongpachit. E-mail her at:
chalalaid@hotmail.com
LINK to Ms. Dongpachit's
dissertation abstract (Word file)
Thai PSS (10 Item, another translation)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Nahathai Wongpakaran,
Chiang Mai University, Thailand. E-mail: nkuntawo@med.cmu.ac.th
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Malayalam PSS (10 Item)
Thank you to Dr. Anisha Janardhanan, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
for sharing this translation with our lab. Dr. Janardhanan may be emailed at anisha_janardhanan@yahoo.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
Tamil PSS (10 Item)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Mr. Santhalingam Sathees,
University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka; email: crazyken1984@gmail.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory;
nor are we aware of its psychometric properties.
Polish PSS (14 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Rafael Mikolajczyk,
University of Bielefeld, Germany. The scale was used in a study
of 591 Polish university students and showed very good reliability
(Cronbach's alpha 0.81). For further information, contact Dr.
Mikolajczyk at rmikolajczyk@uni-bielefeld.de
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Polish PSS (10 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Zygfryd Juczynski
and Nina Oginska-Bulik. Thanks also to Joanna Stanczak, Psychological
Test Laboratory / Pracownia Testow Psychologicznych. For further
information, contact Ms. Stanczak at pracownia@practest.com.pl
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
Lithuanian PSS (14 Item)
We thank Simona Katauskytė for sharing her translation with our lab. She may be contacted at Simona.Katauskyte@fsf.stud.vu.lt
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Turkish PSS (14 Item)
and preliminary psychometrics
data
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. E. Ercument
Yerlikaya, University of Cukurova, Turkey. The scale was tested
on 246 undergraduate university students. For further information,
contact Dr. Yerlikaya at yerlikaya@cu.edu.tr
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
Turkish PSS (10 Item),
psychometrics
data, and an unpublished
manuscript
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Dr. Melek Saygýn,
psychiatrist in private practice, who may be contacted at msaygin4@hotmail.com
Russian PSS (14 Item)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Martin Egan
on behalf of O.A.T.H. Research, who may be contacted at m_egan@btinternet.com
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
Urdu PSS (10 Item)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Aneeqa Mariam, Asra Sarwar,
Rashida Maqsood, Anum Bashir, and Kiran Aamir, and project supervisor
Mamoona Ismail Luna, all of International Islamic University,
Islamabad, Pakistan. For questions or to request permission for
its use, please contact Aneeqa Mariam at bsp_aneeqa@yahoo.com
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
|
COHEN-HOBERMAN INVENTORY of
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
(CHIPS)
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. (1983). Positive events
and social supports as buffers of life change stress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13, 99-125.
Link to full-text
(pdf)
CHIPS
CHIPS Scoring
|
LIFE EVENTS CHECKLIST (LEL)
Scoring
information
Source article: Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith,
A. P. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to
the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325,
606-612. PMID: 1713648. Link to full-text (PDF)
Related articles:
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1991). Stress and infectious
disease in humans. Psychological Bulletin,109, 5-24. PMID: 2006229. Link
to full-text (PDF)
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., & Smith, A. P. (1993). Negative
life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility
to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
64, 131-140. PMID: 8421249. Link to full-text (PDF)
|
ISEL-12 item version
ISEL-12 scoring
Basic psychometrics for ISEL-12 (Word
file)
Several investigators have used short versions of the ISEL, including
a 16-item and 6-item version. We were not involved in creating
these scales, and cannot provide any psychometric information
about them. Below are two citations for studies that used a 16-item
ISEL version (they used the self-esteem subscale). Unfortunately,
none of the articles display actual items, so we can only assume
that the two studies below used the same 12 items -- from the
appraisal, belonging, and tangible subscales -- that are listed
on our website:
Brummett
BH, Babyak MA, Siegler IC, Vitaliano PP, Ballard EL, Gwyther
LP, & Williams RB (2006). Associations among perceptions
of social support, negative affect, and quality of sleep in caregivers
and noncaregivers. Health Psychology, 25(2), 220-225.
Brummett
BH; Babyak MA; Barefoot JC; Bosworth HB; Clapp-Channing NE; Siegler
IC; Williams RB Jr; & Mark DB (1998). Social support and
hostility as predictors of depressive symptoms in cardiac patients
one month after hospitalization: A prospective study. Psychosomatic
Medicine, 60(6), 707-713.
And below is a citation for an article that used a 6-item
ISEL version, administered in the Cardiovascular Health Study:
Martire
LM; Schulz R; Mittelmark MB; & Newsom JT (1999). Stability
and change in older adults' social contact and social support:
The Cardiovascular Health Study. Journals of Gerontology: Series
B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences., 54B(5), S302-S311.
|
ISEL TRANSLATIONS
How to Acquire Permissions for Translations: To acquire
permission to use a translation in your project, please attempt
to contact its translator directly. If unable to contact, please
reference their name and this website URL in your publications.
Thank you.
ISEL-40 item version (Spanish)
(European Spanish) Translation by Eduardo Remor,
eduardo.remor@uam.es; thanks also to Amy Mayhew,
amymayhew@hotmail.com.
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
ISEL-40 item version
(Japanese) (MS Excel file)
Translation by (and thanks to) Naomi Ueyama,
Kansai University of Nursing and Health Science, who may be contacted
at n.ueyama@kki.ac.jp
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
ISEL-40 item version
(Polish)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Danuta Zarzycka,
Skubiszewski Medical Uniwersity, who may be e-mailed at danuta.zarzycka@am.lublin.pl
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties, other than those reported
by Dr. Zarzycka from a sample of 172 university students:
Reliabilities (Cronbach`s alpha) for the total ISEL: 0.91
Each subscale: Tangible: 0.83; Belonging: 0.84; Appraisal: 0.81;
and Self-esteem: 0.71.
ISEL-48 item
College student version (Polish)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Danuta Zarzycka,
Medical University of Lublin, who may be e-mailed at danuta.zarzycka@am.lublin.pl
Psychometric properties as reported by Dr. Zarzycka from a sample
of 167 college students: reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) for
the total ISEL 0.88 and for each subscale: tangible 0.54; belonging
0.75, appraisal 0.82, self-esteem 0.69.
For additional information: D. Zarzycka, B.S'pila, I Wron'ska,
Makara-Studzin'ska M.: Analiza walidacyjna wybranych aspektów
Skali Wsparcia Spoecznego Interpersonal Support Evaluation List
40v. General Population (ISEL-40v.GP). Psychiatria 2010; 7(3):83-94.
URL: http://www.psychiatria.viamedica.pl/ (Validation
analysis of selected aspects of the scale for the assessment
of social support - Interpersonal Support Evaluation List - 40V.
General Population (ISEL-40v.GP). Psychiatry 2010; Volume 7,
No. 3: 83-94)
ISEL-40 item version (Swedish)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Bruno Hagglof,
University of Umeå, who may be contacted at bruno.hagglof@psychiat.umu.se
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
ISEL-40 item version (Danish)
Translation courtesy of (and thanks to) Drs. Rune Andersen and
Kate Andreasson, Region Zealand, Psychiatric Research Unit, Denmark.
They may be contacted at runan@regionsjaelland.dk and kateandreasson@gmail.com
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
ISEL-40 item version (Dutch)
Translation by (and thanks to) Jo Renty, Ghent University, Belgium,
who may be contacted at Jo.Renty@skynet.be Translation
has not been pre-tested by our laboratory; nor are we aware of
its psychometric properties.
ISEL-40 item version (Greek)
Translation by (and thanks to) Dr. Marios Adonis,
University of Nicosia, Cyprus. Dr. Adonis may be reached at adonis.m@unic.ac.cy
This translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory.
ISEL-College student
version (Greek)
Translation by: Ms. Evagelia Delistamatis, Ms.
Maria Samakouri, & Dr. Miltos Livaditis. Direct inquiries
to Dr. Livaditis at: vpapadop@med.duth.gr
Translation has not been pre-tested by our laboratory, nor are
we aware of its psychometric properties.
|